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## 
## ********************* PROCESS for R Version 4.1.1 ********************* 
##  
##            Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.  www.afhayes.com              
##    Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3   
##  
## *********************************************************************** 
##  
## PROCESS is now ready for use.
## Copyright 2022 by Andrew F. Hayes ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
## Workshop schedule at http://haskayne.ucalgary.ca/CCRAM
## 

Direct Effect

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = punishment ~ econ_dep, data = df)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -5.9587 -2.5851 -0.0247  2.1621  5.1621 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)  5.95874    0.28909  20.612   <2e-16 ***
## econ_dep    -0.18681    0.07921  -2.358   0.0191 *  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 3.081 on 273 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.01997,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.01638 
## F-statistic: 5.562 on 1 and 273 DF,  p-value: 0.01906

SES

Process Report

Mediation analysis: econ_dep -> SES -> punishment

## 
## ********************* PROCESS for R Version 4.1.1 ********************* 
##  
##            Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.  www.afhayes.com              
##    Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3   
##  
## *********************************************************************** 
##                   
## Model : 4         
##     Y : punishment
##     X : econ_dep  
##     M : SES       
## 
## Sample size: 275
## 
## Custom seed: 1234
## 
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: SES
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.7558     0.5712     1.2802   363.7133     1.0000   273.0000     0.0000
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     4.8151     0.1062    45.3498     0.0000     4.6061     5.0242
## econ_dep    -0.5548     0.0291   -19.0713     0.0000    -0.6121    -0.4976
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1450     0.0210     9.5148     2.9222     2.0000   272.0000     0.0555
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     6.3915     0.8456     7.5588     0.0000     4.7268     8.0562
## econ_dep    -0.2367     0.1211    -1.9540     0.0517    -0.4751     0.0018
## SES         -0.0899     0.1650    -0.5447     0.5864    -0.4147     0.2350
## 
## ************************ TOTAL EFFECT MODEL *************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1413     0.0200     9.4903     5.5620     1.0000   273.0000     0.0191
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     5.9587     0.2891    20.6122     0.0000     5.3896     6.5279
## econ_dep    -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Bootstrapping in progress. Please wait.
## 
## ************ TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ************
## 
## Total effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## Direct effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.2367     0.1211    -1.9540     0.0517    -0.4751     0.0018
## 
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
##         Effect     BootSE   BootLLCI   BootULCI
## SES     0.0499     0.0899    -0.1297     0.2232
## 
## Normal theory test for indirect effect(s):
##         Effect         se          Z          p
## SES     0.0499     0.0917     0.5437     0.5866
## 
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************ 
## 
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
## 
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 10000

Plot

SEImpairment

Process Report

Mediation analysis: econ_dep -> SEImpairment -> punishment

## 
## ********************* PROCESS for R Version 4.1.1 ********************* 
##  
##            Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.  www.afhayes.com              
##    Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3   
##  
## *********************************************************************** 
##                     
## Model : 4           
##     Y : punishment  
##     X : econ_dep    
##     M : SEImpairment
## 
## Sample size: 275
## 
## Custom seed: 1234
## 
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: SEImpairment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1935     0.0374     2.9174    10.6167     1.0000   273.0000     0.0013
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     2.6480     0.1603    16.5209     0.0000     2.3325     2.9636
## econ_dep     0.1431     0.0439     3.2583     0.0013     0.0566     0.2296
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1521     0.0231     9.4943     3.2228     2.0000   272.0000     0.0414
## 
## Model: 
##                   coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant         6.2309     0.4089    15.2383     0.0000     5.4259     7.0359
## econ_dep        -0.1721     0.0808    -2.1312     0.0340    -0.3311    -0.0131
## SEImpairment    -0.1028     0.1092    -0.9412     0.3474    -0.3177     0.1122
## 
## ************************ TOTAL EFFECT MODEL *************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1413     0.0200     9.4903     5.5620     1.0000   273.0000     0.0191
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     5.9587     0.2891    20.6122     0.0000     5.3896     6.5279
## econ_dep    -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Bootstrapping in progress. Please wait.
## 
## ************ TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ************
## 
## Total effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## Direct effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1721     0.0808    -2.1312     0.0340    -0.3311    -0.0131
## 
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
##                  Effect     BootSE   BootLLCI   BootULCI
## SEImpairment    -0.0147     0.0174    -0.0521     0.0176
## 
## Normal theory test for indirect effect(s):
##                  Effect         se          Z          p
## SEImpairment    -0.0147     0.0170    -0.8673     0.3858
## 
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************ 
## 
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
## 
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 10000

Plot

surprise

Process Report

Mediation analysis: econ_dep -> surprise -> punishment

## 
## ********************* PROCESS for R Version 4.1.1 ********************* 
##  
##            Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.  www.afhayes.com              
##    Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3   
##  
## *********************************************************************** 
##                   
## Model : 4         
##     Y : punishment
##     X : econ_dep  
##     M : surprise  
## 
## Sample size: 275
## 
## Custom seed: 1234
## 
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: surprise
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.2024     0.0410     4.3950    11.6570     1.0000   273.0000     0.0007
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     3.9365     0.1967    20.0095     0.0000     3.5492     4.3238
## econ_dep    -0.1840     0.0539    -3.4142     0.0007    -0.2902    -0.0779
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1484     0.0220     9.5053     3.0616     2.0000   272.0000     0.0484
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     6.2232     0.4544    13.6961     0.0000     5.3287     7.1178
## econ_dep    -0.1992     0.0809    -2.4605     0.0145    -0.3585    -0.0398
## surprise    -0.0672     0.0890    -0.7549     0.4509    -0.2424     0.1080
## 
## ************************ TOTAL EFFECT MODEL *************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1413     0.0200     9.4903     5.5620     1.0000   273.0000     0.0191
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     5.9587     0.2891    20.6122     0.0000     5.3896     6.5279
## econ_dep    -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Bootstrapping in progress. Please wait.
## 
## ************ TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ************
## 
## Total effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## Direct effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1992     0.0809    -2.4605     0.0145    -0.3585    -0.0398
## 
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
##              Effect     BootSE   BootLLCI   BootULCI
## surprise     0.0124     0.0186    -0.0236     0.0524
## 
## Normal theory test for indirect effect(s):
##              Effect         se          Z          p
## surprise     0.0124     0.0174     0.7087     0.4785
## 
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************ 
## 
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
## 
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 10000

Plot

sympathy

Process Report

Mediation analysis: econ_dep -> sympathy -> punishment

## 
## ********************* PROCESS for R Version 4.1.1 ********************* 
##  
##            Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.  www.afhayes.com              
##    Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3   
##  
## *********************************************************************** 
##                   
## Model : 4         
##     Y : punishment
##     X : econ_dep  
##     M : sympathy  
## 
## Sample size: 275
## 
## Custom seed: 1234
## 
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: sympathy
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.2530     0.0640     2.7708    18.6759     1.0000   273.0000     0.0000
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     1.8537     0.1562    11.8672     0.0000     1.5462     2.1612
## econ_dep     0.1850     0.0428     4.3216     0.0000     0.1007     0.2692
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.3490     0.1218     8.5355    18.8611     2.0000   272.0000     0.0000
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     7.0646     0.3375    20.9291     0.0000     6.4000     7.7291
## econ_dep    -0.0765     0.0776    -0.9848     0.3256    -0.2293     0.0764
## sympathy    -0.5966     0.1062    -5.6159     0.0000    -0.8057    -0.3874
## 
## ************************ TOTAL EFFECT MODEL *************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1413     0.0200     9.4903     5.5620     1.0000   273.0000     0.0191
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     5.9587     0.2891    20.6122     0.0000     5.3896     6.5279
## econ_dep    -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Bootstrapping in progress. Please wait.
## 
## ************ TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ************
## 
## Total effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## Direct effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.0765     0.0776    -0.9848     0.3256    -0.2293     0.0764
## 
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
##              Effect     BootSE   BootLLCI   BootULCI
## sympathy    -0.1103     0.0333    -0.1819    -0.0504
## 
## Normal theory test for indirect effect(s):
##              Effect         se          Z          p
## sympathy    -0.1103     0.0325    -3.3913     0.0007
## 
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************ 
## 
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
## 
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 10000

Plot

Moral self-expression

SE1, SE2

Process Report

Mediation analysis: econ_dep -> SE -> punishment

## 
## ********************* PROCESS for R Version 4.1.1 ********************* 
##  
##            Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.  www.afhayes.com              
##    Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3   
##  
## *********************************************************************** 
##                   
## Model : 4         
##     Y : punishment
##     X : econ_dep  
##     M : SE        
## 
## Sample size: 275
## 
## Custom seed: 1234
## 
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: SE
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1973     0.0389     1.6950    11.0598     1.0000   273.0000     0.0010
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     4.3222     0.1222    35.3783     0.0000     4.0817     4.5627
## econ_dep    -0.1113     0.0335    -3.3256     0.0010    -0.1772    -0.0454
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.3373     0.1138     8.6135    17.4583     2.0000   272.0000     0.0000
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     2.7947     0.6509     4.2939     0.0000     1.5133     4.0760
## econ_dep    -0.1053     0.0770    -1.3681     0.1724    -0.2569     0.0462
## SE           0.7320     0.1364     5.3655     0.0000     0.4634     1.0007
## 
## ************************ TOTAL EFFECT MODEL *************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1413     0.0200     9.4903     5.5620     1.0000   273.0000     0.0191
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     5.9587     0.2891    20.6122     0.0000     5.3896     6.5279
## econ_dep    -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Bootstrapping in progress. Please wait.
## 
## ************ TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ************
## 
## Total effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## Direct effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1053     0.0770    -1.3681     0.1724    -0.2569     0.0462
## 
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
##        Effect     BootSE   BootLLCI   BootULCI
## SE    -0.0815     0.0301    -0.1459    -0.0283
## 
## Normal theory test for indirect effect(s):
##        Effect         se          Z          p
## SE    -0.0815     0.0292    -2.7919     0.0052
## 
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************ 
## 
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
## 
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 10000

Plot

Moral self-formative control

SFC1, SFC2, SFC3, and SFC4

Process Report

Mediation analysis: econ_dep -> SFC -> punishment

## 
## ********************* PROCESS for R Version 4.1.1 ********************* 
##  
##            Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.  www.afhayes.com              
##    Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3   
##  
## *********************************************************************** 
##                   
## Model : 4         
##     Y : punishment
##     X : econ_dep  
##     M : SFC       
## 
## Sample size: 275
## 
## Custom seed: 1234
## 
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: SFC
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.2576     0.0663     1.3390    19.4004     1.0000   273.0000     0.0000
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     4.1928     0.1086    38.6124     0.0000     3.9790     4.4066
## econ_dep    -0.1310     0.0298    -4.4046     0.0000    -0.1896    -0.0725
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.2656     0.0705     9.0337    10.3205     2.0000   272.0000     0.0000
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     3.4232     0.7169     4.7748     0.0000     2.0118     4.8347
## econ_dep    -0.1076     0.0800    -1.3448     0.1798    -0.2650     0.0499
## SFC          0.6047     0.1572     3.8468     0.0001     0.2952     0.9142
## 
## ************************ TOTAL EFFECT MODEL *************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1413     0.0200     9.4903     5.5620     1.0000   273.0000     0.0191
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     5.9587     0.2891    20.6122     0.0000     5.3896     6.5279
## econ_dep    -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Bootstrapping in progress. Please wait.
## 
## ************ TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ************
## 
## Total effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## Direct effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1076     0.0800    -1.3448     0.1798    -0.2650     0.0499
## 
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
##         Effect     BootSE   BootLLCI   BootULCI
## SFC    -0.0792     0.0282    -0.1396    -0.0310
## 
## Normal theory test for indirect effect(s):
##         Effect         se          Z          p
## SFC    -0.0792     0.0277    -2.8559     0.0043
## 
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************ 
## 
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
## 
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 10000

Plot

upbringing

SE3

Process Report

Mediation analysis: econ_dep -> upbringing -> punishment

## 
## ********************* PROCESS for R Version 4.1.1 ********************* 
##  
##            Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.  www.afhayes.com              
##    Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3   
##  
## *********************************************************************** 
##                   
## Model : 4         
##     Y : punishment
##     X : econ_dep  
##     M : upbringing
## 
## Sample size: 275
## 
## Custom seed: 1234
## 
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: upbringing
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.3325     0.1106     3.2166    33.9343     1.0000   273.0000     0.0000
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     2.3797     0.1683    14.1396     0.0000     2.0484     2.7111
## econ_dep     0.2686     0.0461     5.8253     0.0000     0.1778     0.3594
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1643     0.0270     9.4568     3.7743     2.0000   272.0000     0.0242
## 
## Model: 
##                 coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant       6.3051     0.3798    16.6002     0.0000     5.5573     7.0529
## econ_dep      -0.1477     0.0838    -1.7618     0.0792    -0.3128     0.0173
## upbringing    -0.1455     0.1038    -1.4025     0.1619    -0.3498     0.0588
## 
## ************************ TOTAL EFFECT MODEL *************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1413     0.0200     9.4903     5.5620     1.0000   273.0000     0.0191
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     5.9587     0.2891    20.6122     0.0000     5.3896     6.5279
## econ_dep    -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Bootstrapping in progress. Please wait.
## 
## ************ TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ************
## 
## Total effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## Direct effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1477     0.0838    -1.7618     0.0792    -0.3128     0.0173
## 
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
##                Effect     BootSE   BootLLCI   BootULCI
## upbringing    -0.0391     0.0293    -0.0979     0.0192
## 
## Normal theory test for indirect effect(s):
##                Effect         se          Z          p
## upbringing    -0.0391     0.0291    -1.3449     0.1787
## 
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************ 
## 
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
## 
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 10000

Plot

parallel

  • sympathy
  • SE
  • SFC

Mediation analysis: econ_dep -> parallel -> punishment

Process Report

## 
## ********************* PROCESS for R Version 4.1.1 ********************* 
##  
##            Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.  www.afhayes.com              
##    Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3   
##  
## *********************************************************************** 
##                   
## Model : 4         
##     Y : punishment
##     X : econ_dep  
##    M1 : sympathy  
##    M2 : SE        
##    M3 : SFC       
## 
## Sample size: 275
## 
## Custom seed: 1234
## 
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: sympathy
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.2530     0.0640     2.7708    18.6759     1.0000   273.0000     0.0000
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     1.8537     0.1562    11.8672     0.0000     1.5462     2.1612
## econ_dep     0.1850     0.0428     4.3216     0.0000     0.1007     0.2692
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: SE
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1973     0.0389     1.6950    11.0598     1.0000   273.0000     0.0010
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     4.3222     0.1222    35.3783     0.0000     4.0817     4.5627
## econ_dep    -0.1113     0.0335    -3.3256     0.0010    -0.1772    -0.0454
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: SFC
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.2576     0.0663     1.3390    19.4004     1.0000   273.0000     0.0000
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     4.1928     0.1086    38.6124     0.0000     3.9790     4.4066
## econ_dep    -0.1310     0.0298    -4.4046     0.0000    -0.1896    -0.0725
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.3941     0.1553     8.2702    12.4146     4.0000   270.0000     0.0000
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     4.5144     1.0636     4.2445     0.0000     2.4204     6.6084
## econ_dep    -0.0520     0.0773    -0.6726     0.5018    -0.2042     0.1002
## sympathy    -0.4162     0.1287    -3.2333     0.0014    -0.6696    -0.1628
## SE           0.4807     0.1563     3.0755     0.0023     0.1730     0.7884
## SFC          0.0329     0.1867     0.1765     0.8600    -0.3346     0.4005
## 
## ************************ TOTAL EFFECT MODEL *************************** 
## Outcome Variable: punishment
## 
## Model Summary: 
##            R       R-sq        MSE          F        df1        df2          p
##       0.1413     0.0200     9.4903     5.5620     1.0000   273.0000     0.0191
## 
## Model: 
##               coeff         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
## constant     5.9587     0.2891    20.6122     0.0000     5.3896     6.5279
## econ_dep    -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Bootstrapping in progress. Please wait.
## 
## ************ TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ************
## 
## Total effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.1868     0.0792    -2.3584     0.0191    -0.3427    -0.0309
## 
## Direct effect of X on Y:
##       effect         se          t          p       LLCI       ULCI
##      -0.0520     0.0773    -0.6726     0.5018    -0.2042     0.1002
## 
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
##              Effect     BootSE   BootLLCI   BootULCI
## TOTAL       -0.1348     0.0400    -0.2152    -0.0603
## sympathy    -0.0770     0.0305    -0.1436    -0.0236
## SE          -0.0535     0.0248    -0.1088    -0.0131
## SFC         -0.0043     0.0246    -0.0519     0.0466
## 
## Normal theory test for indirect effect(s):
##              Effect         se          Z          p
## sympathy    -0.0770     0.0302    -2.5456     0.0109
## SE          -0.0535     0.0243    -2.2049     0.0275
## SFC         -0.0043     0.0251    -0.1720     0.8634
## 
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************ 
## 
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
## 
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 10000